Among them, we paid special attention to multiple immune pathways, including the inflammatory response, interferon gamma response, TNF-a signaling pathway and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, all of which had been shown to be closely related to tumor development (Balkwill, 2009; Diakos et al., 2014; Alspach et al., 2019; Manore et al., 2022). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.