Three of the included studies suggested no significant changes in CRP and/or ESR concentration following either acute aerobic or resistance exercise;35,39,41 with no difference in clinical marker changes post-exercise between RA and CON groups.35 Pereira Nunes Pinto et al.35 identified no difference in IL-6 or TNF-α response post-exercise between RA and CON groups. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and rheumatoid arthritis.