Of the studies included in this review, two reported no change in TNF-α post-exercise,35,37 as consistent with previous research in healthy adults;51, –53 whereas one study found TNF-α expression increased immediately after exercise in both RA and CON groups.34 Therefore, future research is required to precisely confirm the TNF-α response post-exercise in RA. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and rheumatoid arthritis.