Moreover, BaP-induced NCF1/p47(phox) expression enhances superoxide anion production in an AhR-dependent manner in PMA-treated human macrophages; regulation of NCF1/NADPH oxidase by such PAHs may be involved in atherosclerotic heart disease associated with vascular disease such as sclerosis (81). Here, NCF1 is linked to carotid atherosclerosis.