TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: As recently reviewed, n-3 PUFAs have anti-inflammatory effects against inflammatory diseases, including IBD, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis by lowering arachidonic acid (AA) proinflammatory activities, increasing the production of endocannabinoids with EPA or DHA in their structure and thus anti-inflammatory properties, lowering the production of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, lessening in T-cell proliferation and the formation of IL-2 (303).