However, IGF-1 also displays anti-inflammatory properties suppressing IFN-γ expression and DNA binding activity of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in stimulated CBMC (89) and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in ileum of a neonatal NEC rat model (68). Here, TLR4 is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis.