LIF and neoplasm: LMP1-mediated release of cytokines, chemokines and tumor-promoting factors, such as leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin (IL)-6, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, IL1, IL8, CXCL1 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), can also modulate properties of the TME [11, 13, 19, 20].