CSF2 and prostate carcinoma: As an example, an investigation of the effects of kaempferol on the production of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in prostate cancer cells (PC-3) demonstrated the increasing of GM-CSF release by PC-3 kaempferol -treated cells without any disturbance on the mRNA levels could improve the activation of the antigen-presenting dendritic cells and the host immune system and consequently could develop the tumoricidal immune response.