While specific aspects of the pre-treatment tumour microenvironment, such as PD-L1 expression, immune cell infiltration3 or tumour mutation burden4 have been shown to correlate with response5, none of these biomarkers are sufficiently robust to guide clinical decisions regarding treatment across cancers6 nor has their characterization yet resulted in approved treatments that improve the efficacy of ICB7. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.