TNF and major depressive disorder: This observation is supported by researchers who named this phenomenon as “inflammaging,” considering that this inflammatory process contributes to the development and progression of a large variety of chronic pathologies like COPD, CVD, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, muscle weakness, depression and cognitive impairment, etc., in elderly populations.[6,14–16] According to Agusti et al,[6] smoking itself, without obstructive airflow limitation, is correlated with a mild form of inflammation, especially with an increased level of TNF-α.