CASP9 and lung cancer: Finally, according to the use of up-to-date and extensive techniques in the present study, it can be concluded that D. ammoniacum oleo-gum resin essential oil, due to its low toxicity, has the ability to induce apoptosis via caspase-3 activation, which is independent to mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase-9 function [34] and could be an effective supplementary in preventing or controlling lung cancer.