Furthermore, macrophages within the inflamed mucosa are derived mainly from circulating macrophages can secrete members of the IL-1 family (including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38), and these cytokines are associated with proinflammatory signaling in the context of IBD via activation of the NF-κB transcription factor pathway [69, 70]. This evidence concerns the gene IL18 and inflammatory bowel disease.