As such, oral gavage of fecal viral particles that separated from feces of sepsis mice attenuated several sepsis parameters, including kidney and liver injuries (serum creatinine and alanine transaminase), bacteremia, endotoxemia, gut barrier defect (FITC-dextran assay), and serum cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10), but not survival analysis (Figures 5A–I). Here, TNF is linked to serum lipopolysaccharide activity.