Currently, many biomarkers such as alpha fetoprotein (AFP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and PD-L1 expression had been assessed in previous studies with promising outcomes, particularly PD-L1 expression that had been proven to be linked to the ORR of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in various cancers including HCC (21, 22, 31, 32). This evidence concerns the gene AFP and cancer.