TNF and COVID-19: COVID-19 triggers signaling cascades in response to viral contact, leading to the release of type I interferons, cytokines, and chemokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, G-CSF, IFN-γ, CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL3, i.e., the cytokine storm).