TNF and myelodysplastic syndrome: Even if basal levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, are reported to support HSC survival and regeneration during inflammation,64 several studies have highlighted the detrimental effects of chronic inflammatory programs in HSPCs,50,65,66 which may alter their fitness, induce their premature differentiation, reduce the efficacy of HSCT, and even predispose to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) development.67