NOD2 is a part of the Nod-like receptors, which is highly expressed in ileal Paneth cells and plays a critical role in its antibacterial function.40 It is reported that some Lactobacilli protect mice from colitis in a NOD2-dependent manner.41Our study also observed that NOD2 was induced by treatment of L. reuteri in our in vivo experiments. Here, NOD2 is linked to colitis.