TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Moreover, TGF-β has been reported to promote programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in TAMs, while a phase 3 clinical trial of anti-PD-L1/TGF-β trap (M7824) for NSCLC failed to show significant therapeutic benefits compared with PD-1 inhibitor (pembrolizumab), and thus, the clinical trial was terminated [18].