For instance, a significantly higher effective score of exhausted T cells (CD8+PD-1+LAG-3+TIM-3−, CD8+PD-1−TIM-3+), M1 (CD68+CD163+HLA-DR−) and M2 (CD68+HLA-DR+CD163−) macrophages within a 20 μm radius was observed in HER2-negative GC compared with that in HER2-positive GC (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Fig. 5b). Here, CD163 is linked to gastric cancer.