GCG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: As other possible targets for the control of obesity and diabetes, the microbes modulate the host release of gut hormones such as GLP-1 to affect host metabolism and energy homeostasis14, but the serum GLP-1 level did not differ between B. wexlerae-treated and -untreated HFD-fed mice (Supplementary Fig. 14).