Since CD68 is upregulated in AOAH-deficient microglia of the prefrontal cortex and by dysbiotic AOAH-deficient stool slurry activation of BV2 cells (Fig 5D–5H), we next examined whether stool slurry from IC/BPS patients could activate BV2 cells. Here, AOAH is linked to Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.