CCL2 and melanoma: All these findings suggest that (i) the secretion of MCP-1 from astrocytes occurs under activation stimuli (e.g., LPS), and it is enhanced under the influence of melanoma secreted factors and cell contact (coculture); (ii) the CM of astrocytes enriched in MCP-1 are sufficient to increase invasion and migration of melanoma cells; and (iii) bindarit efficiently blocks MCP-1 expression and secretion by astrocytes, while having no direct observable effects on the soluble form of MCP-1.