In a humanized severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) IPF model, targeting PDL1 in fibroblasts by CRISPR knockout or anti-PDL1 neutralizing antibodies significantly inhibited fibroblast invasion in vitro and attenuated lung fibrosis in vivo (Geng et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.