TNF and Arthritis: Further studies (111, 112) have shown that AD can treat arthritis and systemic inflammation in rats with RA by regulating oxidative stress (inhibition of MDA and nitrite/nitrate levels, enhancement of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GSH activities), reduction of chemokines and inflammatory factors (CXC chemokine ligand2, TNF-α, IL-6), reduction of neutrophil aggregation and infiltration and NetOS, and promotion of neutrophil apoptosis.