TNF and hepatitis C virus infection: Pathway analysis, using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, of the significantly upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEG) (False Discovery Rate/FDR <0.01) between untreated Mφ and Mφ at 2h post-infection revealed an overrepresentation of circadian rhythm and ribosome biogenesis pathways, whereas downregulated DEGs were enriched in pathways associated with viral infection and infection from intracellular pathogens processes, including herpes simplex virus 1 infection, hepatitis C, and Salmonella infection and TNF signaling (Figures 1B, C).