For instance, age, body mass index (BMI), duration of disease, fecal calprotectin, serological antibodies, gut microbiota, and metabolomics were shown to be associated with the response of anti-TNF therapies in IBD patients (Ding et al., 2016; Aden et al., 2019; Ding et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and inflammatory bowel disease.