Together with the favorable outcome of probiotic strains (e.g. E. coli Nissle 1917; probiotic complex VSL#3, and B. longum BB536) as mono or adjuvant therapy in IBD from previous clinical studies (Kruis et al., 2004; Saez-Lara et al., 2015; Akutko and Stawarski, 2021), it suggests that microbial-based interventions for restoring the balance of gut microbiota may provide a possibility in improving the clinical response of anti-TNF agents in IBD management. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.