INS and gestational diabetes: FPG (GDM vs. non-GDM: 4.7 ± 0.6 vs. 4.2 ± 0.3, p < 0.001), OGTT-1h PG (GDM vs. non-GDM: 10.0 ± 1.3 vs. 6.9 ± 1.4, p < 0.001), OGTT-2h PG (GDM vs. non-GDM: 8.0 ± 1.4 vs. 5.9 ± 1.0, p < 0.001), insulin (GDM vs. non-GDM: 12.6 ± 7.3 vs. 9.0 ± 5.5, p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (GDM vs. non-GDM: 2.7 ± 1.9 vs. 1.7 ± 1.1, p < 0.001), and TG (GDM vs. non-GDM: 2.7 ± 0.9 vs. 2.4 ± 0.9, p = 0.001) in GDM patients were higher than those in the control.