TLR4 and glioma: Given that TLR4 activation induces pro-inflammatory cytokine release [43–45] and promotes migration in gastric epithelial cells, glioma cells, prostate cancer cells and vascular smooth muscle cells [48–51], we evaluated the behavior of OKs transduced with a plasmid containing a shRNA against TLR4 in migration assays after infection with P. gingivalis.