To determine the impact of helminth infection on the immune response in CCs, we first grouped all helminths into one as Helm+/CCs and measured the concentration of Th1 (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-6), Th17 (IL-17A), regulatory (IL-10) and a Th2 (IL-4) cytokines in plasma and supernatants harvested from unstimulated, PPD or SEB stimulated PBMCs. Here, TNF is linked to helminthiasis.