Regardless of insulin status, diabetic patients were older, were more frequently male, had a higher body mass index (BMI) and HAS–BLED score, as well as a higher prevalence of persistent/permanent AF, perceived frailty, systemic hypertension, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral artery disease and coronary heart disease vs those without diabetes (Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene INS and atrial fibrillation.