KRAS and carcinoma: Wnt independency occurs mainly due to APC mutation, which is found to be inactivated in 75% of CRC cases arising via the conventional adenoma–carcinoma pathway [52–54], and the subsequent dysregulation of MEK–ERK signaling and cell-cycle check points is primarily due to the high likelihood of APC mutations to co-occur with KRAS mutations and/or TP53 mutations.