CD276 and neoplasm: CD276 is widely expressed on a range of solid tumors, and plays a dual role in anti-tumor immunity, as a co-stimulatory regulator enhancing the activity of T cells, or as a co-inhibitory regulator inhibiting T cells and NK cells functions [53].VTCN1 is mainly expressed on tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages, which promotes immune escape by inhibiting the proliferation of T cells and enhancing the function of regulatory T cells [54].