There was a marked increase in the serum expression level of HOTAIR in SLE patients with the presence of cutaneous manifestations, photosensitivity, and anti-cardiolipin antibodies IgG and IgM (aCL) (P <0.0001, 0.03, and 0.007) respectively (Table 2). Here, CD40LG is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.