Taken together, these results have shown that infection with various RNA viruses, including VSV, SeV, ZIKV, and the life-threatening IAV and SARS-CoV-2, significantly induces XAF1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels in vitro and in vivo, which suggests the potential role of XAF1 in the regulation of host antiviral immunity against these RNA viruses. Here, XAF1 is linked to infection.