To explore the signaling pathways that control the induction of XAF1 during viral infection, we transfected PMs with two viral RNA mimics, poly(I:C) and 3p-hpRNA, which potently activate the RIG-I-MAVS-TBK1-IRF3-IFN-I signaling axis (41, 42). Here, RIGI is linked to viral infectious disease.