PlGF, a member of the VEGF family, which has been documented to enhance VEGF-driven angiogenesis by binding to VEGFR1 and Nrp1 on endothelial cells [162], was recently demonstrated to be produced by CAFs to deteriorate the hypoxic state in CCA through enhancing the stiffness of the stroma, compressing the tumor vessels [141]. Here, VEGFA is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.