Finally, the quantitative evaluation of HG-sensitive Isl1-GRN and its link to CM defects led to our proposed “matHG-induced CHD model” (Fig. 7l), where matHG perturbs Isl1-GRN in the SHF progenitors, leading to impaired CM differentiation and increases the risk of CHD. This evidence concerns the gene GRN and coronary artery disorder.