There are several factors other than malaria, such as low dietary intake of iron, micronutrient deficiencies, phytate-rich diet, helminthic infections, intestinal bleeding, worms, food habits, smoking, poor bioavailability, socio-economic status, sanitation, gravidity, and parity status of women, hemoglobinopathies, etc. that may affect Hb status and anemia prevalence (28). This evidence concerns the gene GSTM1 and hemoglobinopathy.