Considering the ameliorating effects of the cytokine mixture (GM-CSF and IL-3) that were observed in TBI and PD model rats (Choudhury et al., 2011; Nishihara et al., 2011), the ameliorating effects of these cytokines were assessed in tMCAO model rats when rats were subcutaneously administered the mixture for 5 consecutive days starting from the day after tMCAO. Here, CSF2 is linked to Parkinson disease.