As shown in Table 1, the rates of fungal infection as assessed by isolation of blood or pancreatic tissues or by the presence of β-d-glucan antigenemia are highly variable ranging from 7.6% to 46.3% in patients with AP (Kochhar et al., 2009; Vege et al., 2009; Ignatavicius et al., 2012; Werge et al., 2016; Mandal et al., 2017; Rasch et al., 2018; Ning et al., 2021). Here, PPIB is linked to alkaline phosphatase measurement.