the findings revealed that viral gene expression was induced upon the treatment of latent HPCs with cytokines, stimulated the differentiation of bone marrow cell lines (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF and tumor necrosis factor TNF-α), suggesting that HIV could infect HPCs and cause both active and latent infections. Here, CSF2 is linked to disease arising from reactivation of latent virus.