TNF and infection: The exact etiology of cSLE is not yet fully understood, but it is generally believed that the incidence of cSLE is related to genetic factors, neuroendocrine factors, immune abnormalities, environmental factors, infections, etc. Immune cells such as B cells, T cells, dendritic DC cells, inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), mononuclear macrophages, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other factors are involved in the autoantigen immune response and inflammatory response of cSLE (14).