LTA and viral infectious disease: The activation of NF-κB in viral infection induces gene expression of a wide range of cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, LT-α, LT-β, and GM-CSF), and chemokines (e.g., IL-8, MIP-1, MCP1, RANTES, and eotaxin) (67).