CCL25 and neoplasm: Furthermore, expression of CCR9 on tumor cells leads to competitive advantages for these cells, since CCL25 engagement enhances cell survival and prevents apoptosis via the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway on several solid tumors (20, 21, 24–30); it also activates the JNK1 anti-apoptotic pathway in leukemic cells (31) and participates in Notch1-mediated cell proliferation (18).