An increase in various immunosuppressive subsets of FoxP3+ CD8 T-cells, including CTLA-4+, PD-1+, CD39+, LAP(TGF-β1)+, and CD39+LAP(TGF-β1)+ was observed in untreated HIV infection, whereas early ART initiation was unable to normalize levels of PD-1+, and did not affect CD39+ and LAP(TGF-β1)+FoxP3+ CD8 T-cells. The gene discussed is ENTPD1; the disease is HIV infectious disease.