Similar to our recent report on CD4 Tregs (40), we observed increased CCR9+ and integrin β7+ FoxP3+ CD8 T-cells, along with CD39+ and LAP(TGF-β1)+ FoxP3+ CD8 T-cells during untreated HIV infection that persisted regardless of early ART initiation. The gene discussed is CCR9; the disease is HIV infectious disease.