AKT1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Previous studies have shown that increased expression of PPARα alleviates inflammatory responses and regulates apoptosis and autophagy through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in liver fibrosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [59, 60], while the activity and influence of PPARα on apoptosis and autophagy in HIRI are not well documented.