In rats, systemic HMGB1 was shown to be sufficient to cause neurocognitive dysfunction (NCD) following partial hepatectomy as demonstrated by increases in the number of errors in the Barnes maze and in levels of anxiety in the open field test (Terrando et al., 2016); conversely, systemic administration of a neutralizing anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody prevented the development of NCD (Terrando et al., 2016). Here, HMGB1 is linked to Anxiety.