INS and infection: For example, long-lived mutants in the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway are resistant to heat (Lithgow et al., 1994), oxidative stress (Honda et al., 2008), heavy metals (Barsyte et al., 2001), protein misfolding (Morley et al., 2002; Cohen et al., 2006), and pathogen infection (Garsin et al., 2003; Evans et al., 2008).