SPRR2A and neoplasm: Briefly, plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) are prepared from biological materials (such as cultured cells and isolated tissues) and surface-modified by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored TAAs (breast cancer Ag: human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) in this work) and immunostimulatory molecules (such as interleukin (IL)-12 and B7-1), which induced both cellular and humoral immunity against a HER-2-expressing tumor cell challenge along with delayed tumor growth and partial regression of established tumors.