Moreover, GALNT16 has been found to be significantly enriched in specific biological functions associated with protein and lipid metabolism, the AMPK signaling pathway, the prolactin signaling pathway, and the insulin/IGF pathway-protein kinase B signaling cascade (42), but the association of GALNT16 with immune cells and AF susceptibility remains poorly understood. This evidence concerns the gene GALNT16 and atrial fibrillation.