CXCL1 and glioblastoma: The conclusion that pro-inflammatory markers are high in the glioblastoma microenvironment was corroborated by the comparison with pus from bacterial brain abscesses, a highly pro-inflammatory environment: glioblastoma cyst fluid had levels of TNFα, IL-6, MCP-1, CXCL1, sCD163, sCD25, and tissue factor that were similar to or higher than those in pus, although the level of several other cytokines was higher in pus.