TLR8 and neoplasm: (104)showed that Thymosin α-1 (Tα-1) was internalized by TAMs by binding to phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) on the surface of apoptotic tumor cells and then combined with TLR7 and TLR8 on the lysosomal membrane to stimulate the downstream Myd88/SHIP1 and Myd88/IRAK4 signaling pathways, respectively, thereby reversing the M2 polarization of efferocytosis-activated macrophages and improving chemotherapeutic efficacy.