TNF-α can induce EMT in tumor cells by inhibiting the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin, upregulating the expression of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin, N-cadherin, and fibronectin, and activating matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), thus enhancing tumor invasion and migration activity (60). Here, MMP9 is linked to neoplasm.